MARKETING OF UZIZA IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA EDO STATE, NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Title page--------ii

Certification--------iii

Dedication--------iv

Acknowledgments-------v

Table of Contents-------vi

List of Tables/Figure -------ix

Abstract--------x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Statement of Problems-----4

Objectives of the Study-----5

1.3Justification of the Study-----5

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1The Concept of Marketing-----8

2.2Agricultural Marketing -----10

2.3Marketing Channels ------11

2.4Marketing Chains------12

2.5Marketing Cost ------13

2.6Marketing Margins------14

2.7Marketing Functions -----15

2.8Marketing Efficiency -----16 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1Study Area-------17

3.2 Scope of Study-------18

3.3 Sampling Technique ------18

3.4 Data Collection -------18

3.5 Data Analysis-------18

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents--24

4.1.1Gender of respondents-----24

4.1.2Age of Respondents------24

4.1.3Marital Status of Respondent----25

4.1.4 Educational Status of Respondents---26

4.1.5Years in Apprenticeship of Respondents---27

4.1.6Business Experience------28

4.2 Marketing Channel For Uziza----29

4.3Determinant of Sales of Uziza Leaf in Egor Local 

Government Area------30

4.4 Gross Margin Analysis of Uziza Leaf Marketers--32

4.5 Functional Analysis Of Gross Marketing Margin--36

4.6Problems of Uziza Marketing -----38

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0Summary, Conclusion And Recommendation---39

5.1Summary-------39

5.2Conclusion-------40

5.3Recommendation------40

References -------41

Appendix-------43

LIST OF TABLES/FIGURE

Table 1: Chemical Analysis of some leafy vegetables of Southern 

Nigeria-------2

Table 2: Gender of uziza marketers in Egor LGA, Edo State-24

Table 3: Age of Uziza Marketers-----25

Table 4: Marital Status of Uziza Marketers---26

Table 5: Education Status of Uziza Marketers ---27

Table 6: Years in Apprenticeship-----27

Table 7: Experience in Uziza Marketing----28

Table 8: Marketing Channel For Uziza In The Study Area--29

Table 9: Determinant of Sales of Uziza in Egor Local Government Area

of Edo State-------31

Table 10: Aggregate Gross Margin Analysis Of Uziza Leaf Marketers 

In Egor LGA------33

Table 11: Individual gross margin analysis of uziza leaf marketers-34

Table 12: Daily sales of uziza leaf in the study area--35

Table 13: Functional Analysis Of Gross Marketing Margin-37 

Table 14.: Problems of Uziza Marketers----38

Fig. 1: Pie chart representing Daily sales of uziza leaf in the study area36

ABSTRACT

The study dealt with marketing of uziza in Egor Local Government Area of Edo state. The study was conducted to identify the socio-economic characteristics of respondent, the marketing channels, estimate the determinant of sales, determine the producer’s share of retail price and gross marketing margin, carryout a functional analysis of gross marketing margin and identify the main problems of uziza marketing in the study area. Data were collected through the use of questionnaire supplemented with oral interview and personal observation in the market. Five markets were purposively selected in the local government area and twenty marketers were sampled from each market giving a total sample size of a hundred respondents for the study. Descriptive and budgetary tools were used to analyze data collected. Majority of the marketers interviewed were females(97%), married(68%),within the age group of 41-50years(28%), having only primary education(39%) with less than a year experience(91%) in the trade and have between 6-10years(36%) of business experience. The study encountered mainly retailers (68%). The price of the leaf was a major determinant of sales with a price elasticity of 0.982. 65.11% of the marketing margin was incurred as cost in marketing the vegetable while 34.89% as profit indicating that for every naira invested in the business, a return of 0.0249 naira was derivable. Packaging and washing (1.91%), transportation (54.05%), storage (0.17%), market charges (8.24%) and tax (0.70%), and marketer’s profit (34.89%) accounted for the difference between the producer’s price and consumer’s price. It was also observed that the marketers faced the problem of high cost of vegetable (30.83%), transportation (25.83%) and post harvest loses arising from storage and preservation problem (24.16%). It was established in this study that uziza leaf marketing is profitable in the study area. Therefore it is recommended that the Government should provide good roads and reduce cost of fuel which will ultimately lower transportation cost and reduce the price of vegetable. 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In Nigeria, as in other tropical countries of Africa where the daily diet is dominated by starchy staple foods, traditional vegetables are the cheapest and most readily available sources of important proteins, vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids (Okafor 1983). The nutritional importance of this leafy vegetable is evident in the result of proximate analysis of some leafy vegetables by Okafor et al. (1996) showing that vegetables including uziza (piper guineensis) are valuable sources of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, fats and oils, and proteins. The result showed that uziza (piper guineensis) is very high in moisture content (78. 58%), has high ash content (15.56%), oil (9.3%), protein (18.54%), sodium (3.5ppm), potassium (320ppm), calcium (7.11ppm), magnesium (147ppm), iron (6.12ppm), zinc (2.05ppm) and copper (0.15ppm). The result of this proximate analysis for some other leafy vegetables including bitter leaf (vernonia amygdalina) are prescribed in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Chemical Analysis of some leafy vegetables of Southern NigeriaScientific Name Moisture Ash Oil Protein Na K Ca Mg Fe Zn Cu Mn P

% fresh % dry % % (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

Anetum africanum 37.39 4.72 14.20 10.18 26 126 28.35 4.45 5.23 0.99 0.06 - -

Gongronena latifoluim 71.14 10.94 18.77 62.66 58 336 20.75 56.00 8.17 0.90 0.12 - -

Mynanthus arboreus 75.52 9.83 1.34* 20.01 - - 1.132** - 0.036** - - 2.134** 2.543**

*Piper guineensis 78.58 15.56 9.30 18.54 35 320 7.11 147.00 6.12 2.05 0.15 - -

Vernonia amygdalina 79.67 10.13 4.50 23.24 46 304 40.00 58.00 4.72 0.81 0.10 - -

** Determined as % of dry matter (not as ppm; part per million)

Source: Okolo 1987; Okafor et al. 1996. 

Therefore vegetables are required for daily diet and should consist of at least 30% of our daily food. 

Uziza (piper guineensis) also known as climbing black pepper or Benin pepper is of the family piperaceae. The marketable products include leaf, seed and fruit. This woody leafy vegetables are available at strategic periods in the year, namely the dry season, when the conventional cultivated vegetables are scarce. They therefore contribute significantly to the food security and nutritional well being of the local people in the region (Okafor, 1990).

Like other members of the pepper family, uziza contains (5 – 8)% of chemical piperine which provides the hottest. It is used in West-African cuisine where it impacts both pungency and a spicy aroma to classic West African soup. Indeed, uziza as a spice has been extensively used in history for flavouring and seasoning foods, beverages and medicine (Chukwuma, 2007). 

Present studies have shown that apart from the use of this plant as spice and condiments, they have several other wide applications in the local treatment and management of many diseases. It has therefore been observed that indigenous people value the plant more for their ethno medicinal uses than for spicing foods. For instance, the use of uziza (piper guineensis) in post delivery treatment and restorative soup after childbirth is certainly of more value than as a mere seasoning or flavouring agents (Chukwuma, 2007). The research indicated that warm extract of the fruits are used as antivomiting and antihelmintic. 

The leaves of piper guineensis (uziza) are used for correcting respiratory infections and for female infertility while its fruits are used as an aphrodisiac. However, previous studies in the laboratory have shown that the aqueous extract of uziza (P. guineensis) fruits have been shown to stimulate sexual behaviour of mature male rats. This finding could explain the traditional use of this plant for male reproductive problems, especially those linked to secretion by glands (Kamtchouing, et al., 2002).

According to the researchers, the indigenous people of the study area have therefore developed various ways of harvesting, processing and administering preparations of this plant in the cure of the different ailments. Trade and commercialization of this plant, though informal, constitute dominant enterprise of the local people in the area (Chukwuma, 2007). Domestication is therefore the best way of increasing supply while efficient co-ordinated marketing system that brings this vegetable to the hands of the consumers is very important as it serves as a stimulus to economic development of Nigeria.

1.1 Statement of Problems

The marketing of this leafy vegetable varies considerably from farmer to farmer depending on the nature of the vegetable and capacity of the farmers. While marketing changes hands three to four times between producers and consumers, the multiplicity of intermediaries existing in marketing system of vegetables poses a problem (sinha,2003). 

The study will address the following research questions;

what are the sources of this leafy vegetable?

what are the marketing channels of this vegetable?

how much cost is associated with the marketing of the product?

who takes the lion share of the retail price?

what is the socio-economic characteristics of the marketers of this product?

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the marketing of uziza (piper guineensis) in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

The specific objectives are to;

identify the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and the marketing channel for uziza (piper guineensis) marketing.

estimate the determinants of sale of uziza.

determine the cost, returns, profitability, producers share of retail price and gross marketing margin of uziza marketing 

carryout a functional analysis of gross marketing margin and identify the main problems of uziza marketing.

1.3Justification of the Study

Since an efficient co-ordinated marketing system is a stimulus to economic development, this study is an attempt to look into the marketing of uziza in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State as a means of conveying produce to target consumers and as guide for prospective producers and marketers. 

Although considerable research has been carried out in the marketing of selected vegetables in Nigeria, but there are few studies on uziza and there is no doubt that the findings and other important information gathered during this study will be useful in the following ways.

Policy makers; as a guide to helping policy makers make and implement effective policies that will favour the growth of this sector.

Marketers; as a guide to helping prospective marketers see the inherent profitability of marketing this vegetable and as a result venture into it with confidence.

Producers; to help producers seek for better ways of cultivating this specie of vegetable to meet the ever growing demands of the populace and to scoop their own share of profit.

Nutritionist; to help nutritionist to be aware of the inherent nutrient component of this leafy woody vegetable so as to recommend it as important in daily meals.

Women – to help pregnant women to increase their utilization of this vegetable for post – partum treatment.

Men; to help men to increase their utilization of this vegetable for male reproductive problems, especially those linked to secretion by glands.

Health sector; to help those in the health fields to see and understand the medicinal value of this vegetable and to recommend it as a cheap source for treatment of some health related diseases so as to contribute to improving the health condition of the populace at large.