CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          The capital market is a highly specialized and organized financial market and indeed essential agent of economic growth because of its ability to facilitate and mobilize saving and investment. To a great extent, the positive relationship between capital accumulation real economic growths has long affirmed in economic theories (­­­Anyanwu, 1993).

Success in capital accumulation and mobilization for development varies among nations, but it is largely dependent on domestic savings and inflows of foreign capital. Therefore, to arrest the menace of the current economic downturn, effort must be geared towards effective resources mobilization. It is in realization of this that consideration is given to measure for the development of capital market as an institution for the mobilization of finance from the surplus sectors to the deficit sectors.

        The development of capital market in Nigeria, as in other developing countries has been induced by the government. Though prior to the establishment of stock market in Nigeria, there existed some less formal market arrangements for the operation of capital market. It was not prominent until the visit of Mr. J. B. Lobynesion in 1959, on the invitation of the Federal government, to advice on the role the Central Bank could play in the development of local money and capital market. As a follow-up to this, the government commissioned and a set up the Barback Committee to study and make recommendations on the ways and means of establishing a stock market in Nigeria as a formal capital market. Acting on the recommendation of the committee, the Lagos Stock Exchange (as it was called then) was set-up in March 1960, and in September 1961, it was incorporated under Section 2 cap 37, through the collaborative effort of Central Bank of Nigeria, the Business Community and Industrial Development Bank (Alile & Anao, 1990). With the establishment of the Central Bank of Nigeria in 1959 and the coming into existence of the Lagos Stock Exchange in 1961 and Subsequently, the Nigeria Stock Exchange by an Act in 1979, a sound foundation was laid for the operation of the Nigerian Capital Market for trading in securities of long term nature needed for the financing of the industrial sector and the economy at large. After the incorporation of the Lagos Stock Exchange, it was granted further protection under the law and its activities was placed under some sort of control by the government, hence the passing of the Lagos Stock Exchange Act. However, the Lagos Stock Exchange was only operational in Lagos. By the mid 70’s, the need for an efficient financial system for the whole nation was emphasized, and a review by the government of the operations of the Lagos Stock Exchange market was advocated. The review was carried out to take care of the low capital formation, the huge amount of currency in circulation which was held outside the banking system, the unsatisfactory demarcation between the operation of Commercial Banks and the emerging class of the Merchant Banks, and the extremely shallow depth of the capital.

          In response to the problems mentioned above, the government accepted the principle of decentralization but opted for a National Stock Exchange, which will have branches in different parts of the country. On December 2nd 1977, the memorandum and article of association creating the Lagos Stock Exchange was transformed into the Nigerian Stock Exchange, with branches in Lagos, Kaduna, Port-Harcourt, Yola and now in Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja some other cities. The history of Nigeria Capital Market could be traced to 1946 when the British colonial administration floated a N600, 000 local loan stock bearing interest at 3¼% for the financing of developmental projects under the Ten-Years Plan Local Ordinance. The loan stock, which had a maturity of 10-15 years, was oversubscribed by more than N1 million, yet local participation of the issued was terribly poor. Certainly, potential fund abound in Nigeria, but the overriding consideration in this project is to examine the impact of the capital market in harnessing and mobilizing these resources (fund) to generate economic growth in the country and consequently economic development.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          There is abundant evidence that most Nigerian businesses lack long-term capital. The business sector has depended mainly on short-term financing such as overdrafts to finance even long-term capital. Based on the maturity matching concept, such financing is risky. All such firms need to raise an appropriate mix of short- and long-term capital (Demirguc-Kunt& Levine 1996).

Most recent literatures on the Nigeria capital market have recognized the tremendous performance the market has recorded in recent times. However, the vital role of the capital market in economic growth and development has not been empirically investigated thereby creating a research gap in this area. This study is undertaken to examine the contribution of the capital market in the Nigerian economic growth and development. Aside the social and institutional factors inhibiting the process of economic development in Nigeria, the bottleneck created by the dearth of finance to the economy constitutes a major setback to its development. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the Nigerian capital market.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The broad objective of this study examined the activities and performance of Nigerian capital market. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1.       To examine the operations of the Nigerian capital market.

2.       To evaluate the performance of the capital market in relation to the economic growth in Nigeria.

3.       To examine the rate at which new stocks are issued on the capital market.

4.       To identify the impediments of capital market in economic development of Akwa Ibom State

5.       To make recommendations as to how the operations of the market could be improve to boost economic growth and development of Nigeria.

1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS 
This research was guided by the following research questions:

 i.       How is the operation of Nigeria capital market?

ii.       What is the performance of the capital market in relation to economic development of Akwa Ibom state?

iii.      What are the activities of the capital market in Uyo branch?

iv.      What are the prospects of capital market in economic development of Nigeria?

v.       What are the impediments of capital market on economic development of Akwa Ibom State?

1.5    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis was formulated to guide this study:

HYPOTHESIS 1

H0:     That the capital market operations have no impact on Nigerian economic development.

H1:     That the capital market operations have impact on Nigerian economic development.

HYPOTHESIS 2

H0:     There is no significant relationship between performance of the capital market and economic development of AkwaIbom State.

H1:     There is a significant relationship between performance of the capital market and economic development of AkwaIbom State.

HYPOTHESIS 3

H0:     There are no impediments of capital market on economic development of Akwa Ibom State.

H1:     There are impediments of capital market on economic development of Akwa Ibom State.

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

          The study is limited to Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE), Uyo branch and upon the research topic, which is centered on the impact of capital market on economic development of Akwa Ibom State.

1.7    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          The study explored the impact or effectiveness of capital market instruments on Nigerian economic growth. Though the scope of the study was limited to the capital market, it is hoped that the exploration of this market will provide a broad view of the operations of the capital market. It will contribute to existing literature on the subject matter by investigating empirically the role, which the capital market plays in the economic growth and development of the country. The main importance of this study is that it will provide policy recommendations to policy-makers on ways to improve operations and activities of the capital market.

1.8    STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY

This study is divided into five chapters:

Chapter one consist of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, scope and coverage of the study, significance of the study, and  structure of the study as well as definition of terms.

          Chapter two being the literature review covers the introduction, theoretical framework and review of empirical studies. Chapter three is the research methodology and focuses on the introduction, model specification, methods of estimation and descriptive and measurement.

          Chapter four is the data analysis and interpretation of results.

Chapter five being the last chapter consists of summary, conclusion and recommendations for further studies.

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS

FINANCIAL MARKET:

This is a market in which people and entities can trade on financial securities, commodities and other financial facilities. It provides a mechanism for the efficient mobilization of funds from the surplus economic units (Supplier f funds) to the deficit economic units (Mbat2001.)

ISSUE: This is securities of a company or government sold by way of a public offering or private placement at a given point of time(Pat &James, 2010).

BONDS:

Interest bearing securities (i.e. debit securities) issued by corporate entities and government.

MARKET CAPITALIZATION:

This is the market value of a company’s paid-up capital determined by multiplying the current quoted price by the total number of shares outstanding. The market capitalization of a security exchange is the aggregate market capitalization of all its quoted securities(Mbat2001).

EQUITY:

This is ownership capital held by individuals, corporate bodies and sometimes government in a company. It is also called ordinary shares (Pat &James, 2010).

NEW ISSUE:

Securities of a government or corporate entity newly created by offered for subscription to the public or to the selected group of investors. In the case of private placement or to a company’s existing shareholders are as with right issues. New issues are means of raising funds for development financing and to enlarge the paid-up capital of the company(Pat &James, 2010).

ALLOTMENT:

A company whose security is traded on a stock exchange(Mbat2001).