THE IMPACT OF DIET AND LIFESTYLE ON ORAL HEALTH IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Oral hygiene is a fundamental aspect of general health, and the connection between food choices, lifestyle, and oral well-being has grown more evident. Nutrition plays a crucial role in oral health and disease (Fuller et al., 2021). Inadequate nutritional status can have a negative impact on dental health, whereas poor oral health can affect dietary intake and perhaps result in malnutrition. Additionally, oral health plays a vital role in maintaining proper nutrition. The prevalence of fast food in our modern and hectic lives has significantly increased, leading to a thorough evaluation of its effects on dental health. The regular intake of simple carbohydrates, particularly in the form of dietary sugars, is strongly linked to a higher risk of dental caries (Manasseh, 2019). Undoubtedly, sugars have been established as the primary dietary element in the development of dental caries, as evidenced by numerous studies (Bonte et al., 2022).

Oral health refers to the overall well-being of the teeth, gums, and the complete oral-facial system, which enables us to smile, speak, and chew. Inadequate oral hygiene can result in pain, discomfort, and severe ailments such periodontal disease and oral cancer, affecting general well-being and quality of life (Fuller et al., 2021). Oral health is a fundamental aspect of overall health and well-being. An individual's dental health can serve as an indicator of their eating patterns, lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic circumstances (Allen et al., 2019). Dietary patterns and lifestyle factors in Nigeria have a substantial impact on oral health results. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the influence of these factors is crucial in order to devise efficient public health initiatives aimed at enhancing oral health within the nation.

Various disorders, such as caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer, can have an impact on oral health. These disorders are multifactorial, indicating that multiple interacting variables may be accountable. Possible factors that may contribute to these disorders, either directly or indirectly, encompass health status, dietary habits, level of physical activity, smoking, microbiota, oral hygiene, and other dental and medical issues (Johnny et al., 2019). Furthermore, certain chronic and viral disorders might exhibit oral manifestations as a result of lifestyle factors or have a significant impact on the dental population. Furthermore, small particles (such as those found in toothbrushes, toothpaste, chewing gum, etc.) and specific nutrients in both little and large quantities can have an effect on oral health (Sampson et al., 2021). Fortunately, the majority of these causes can be preempted, therefore averting any negative outcomes for dental health. Modifying food and lifestyle behaviours may seem straightforward. Nevertheless, it can be challenging and necessitates a considerable amount of patience, as it demands particular adjustments in both attitude and behaviour. It could be unfamiliar, costly, or time-consuming (Martins, 2019).

Nutrition has a key part in preserving dental health. The ingestion of high-sugar meals and beverages is a fundamental element that significantly increases the likelihood of developing dental caries, also known as tooth decay. Dietary patterns in Nigeria exhibit significant variations as a result of cultural, economic, and regional disparities (Onigbade et al., 2019). There is a prevalent habit of consuming large amounts of starchy meals, sweets, and carbonated beverages, particularly among children and teenagers. This habit is a major factor in the increased occurrence of dental caries. On the other hand, adhering to conventional diets that are abundant in fruits, vegetables, and foods high in fibre can enhance dental health by encouraging the production of saliva. This saliva aids in the cleansing of teeth and the neutralisation of acids (Matthew, 2022). A study conducted by Kabiru et al. (2019) reveals that lifestyle decisions, such as smoking, alcohol intake, and oral hygiene practices, significantly affect oral health. Adenekan (2021) supported this claim by asserting that the act of smoking and consumption of alcohol are linked to a heightened susceptibility to oral cancer, periodontal disease, and various other oral health complications. The prevalence of these practices in Nigeria varies among different regions and populations, which in turn affects oral health results. Furthermore, sustaining oral health requires adherence to oral hygiene practices, including the regularity and technique of brushing, utilisation of fluoride toothpaste, and consistent dental check-ups (Bode et al., 2022). Insufficient dental treatment and oral health education are prevalent in several regions of Nigeria, resulting in insufficient oral hygiene practices.

A study conducted in Nigeria has previously emphasised the correlation between inadequate eating habits, detrimental lifestyle choices, and negative consequences on dental health (Sampson et al., 2021). Research has indicated that children and teenagers have a significant prevalence of dental caries as a result of consuming excessive amounts of sugar and not practicing proper oral hygiene. Smoking and alcohol usage have been associated with the occurrence of periodontal disease and oral cancer (Bode et al., 2022). Iyiola et al. (2023) argue that socioeconomic level has a substantial impact on diet, lifestyle decisions, and the availability of dental healthcare. Individuals in lower socioeconomic brackets may face restricted availability of nourishing food options and limited access to dental care services, hence heightening their vulnerability to oral health issues. Cultural ideas and practices exert a significant influence on oral health behaviours and perceptions, hence impacting individuals' dental and gum care practices (Bode et al., 2022). This study aims to evaluate the influence of diet and lifestyle on dental health in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Nigeria is currently experiencing increasing apprehension regarding the influence of dietary choices and lifestyle habits on dental health. Modifications in eating patterns and behaviours can have a substantial impact on the state of oral health, leading to the development of dental caries, periodontal diseases, and general problems related to oral hygiene. Nevertheless, it is imperative to methodically investigate and comprehend the precise mechanisms via which diet and lifestyle impact oral health within the Nigerian environment.

Implementing effective oral hygiene routines and cultivating a favourable attitude towards oral health are essential for general wellness as they aid in the prevention of common mouth ailments such as dental caries and periodontal infections. This habit includes regular oral hygiene routines such as frequent tooth brushing and flossing, as well as preventive measures like the use of fluoride and dental sealants. In addition, it encompasses the practice of adhering to nutritious dietary practices and scheduling routine visits to the dentist (Sa’adu 2022). Ani et al., (2018) reported that Nigerians face challenges with their oral health as a result of their frequent consumption of sugary foods and beverages, which heightens their vulnerability to dental caries and periodontal disease. Akpan (2023) asserts that dental caries are a notable oral health concern, impacting around 30 to 45% of Nigerian youth aged 12 to 15 years.

Iyiola et al. (2023) contend that socioeconomic circumstances, cultural customs, and lifestyle choices have a substantial impact on oral health results. The prevalence of oral diseases in Nigeria is influenced by regional and demographic variations in factors such as tobacco use, alcohol use, and oral hygiene habits. Moshood (2020) contends that inequalities in the availability of oral health services and preventative treatment worsen the influence of diet and lifestyle on oral health. A significant number of Nigerians do not have regular access to dental check-ups, preventive treatments, and instruction regarding proper oral hygiene habits (Adeniran et al., 2022).

Impaired dental health has a twofold impact, negatively affecting both individuals' well-being and placing a substantial strain on the healthcare system (Uzor et al., 2022). It is essential to consider the influence of nutrition and lifestyle on oral health in order to decrease healthcare expenses related to dental procedures and enhance the overall health outcomes of the Nigerian population. Furthermore, it is imperative to discover efficacious health promotion measures that might alleviate the adverse impacts of dietary and lifestyle factors on dental health. These initiatives should be designed with cultural sensitivity, aimed at addressing socio-economic inequities, and focused on empowering individuals to make educated decisions regarding their dental health. Therefore, the necessity for this investigation arises.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically assess the impact of diet and lifestyle on oral health in Nigeria. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To find out whether there is a relationship between diet, lifestyle and oral health outcomes in Nigeria

To Assess the effect of dietary habits on oral health status

To evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors on oral health

To identify barriers to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care

To proffer solutions to address hindrances to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care in Nigeria

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions will be answered in this study:

Is there is any significant relationship between diet, lifestyle and oral health outcomes in Nigeria?

What is the effect of dietary habits on oral health status?

What is the impact of lifestyle factors on oral health?

What are the barriers to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care?

What are the solutions to address hindrances to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following research hypotheses have been formulated to guide the study:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between diet, lifestyle and oral health outcomes in Nigeria.

Ha: There is significant relationship between diet, lifestyle and oral health outcomes in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is important because it will offer vital knowledge about the impact of diet and lifestyle on dental health in Nigeria. The results can provide valuable guidance to politicians, healthcare professionals, and educators in formulating efficient approaches to encourage improved oral health by focusing on enhancing food habits, making lifestyle adjustments, and improving access to dental care and education.

Furthermore, the study's findings can provide valuable assistance for the formulation of policies and guidelines pertaining to the promotion of oral health. This may entail pushing for nutrition policies that endorse diets that are beneficial for oral health, incorporating oral health education into school curriculum, and enhancing the availability of preventive dental care services among various socioeconomic groups.

In addition, inadequate oral hygiene can result in a range of dental ailments, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral malignancies. Considering the influence of nutrition and lifestyle on oral health might help decrease the occurrence of these disorders, therefore enhancing oral health outcomes and quality of life for Nigerians. The eating practices and lifestyle choices in Nigeria are influenced by the country's diverse cultural and social landscape. Analyzing these aspects in relation to oral health can offer valuable insights into culturally suitable interventions that connect with diverse groups, therefore enhancing the efficacy of health promotion endeavors.

Moreover, there is a pressing requirement for further investigation on oral health in Nigeria, specifically focusing on the precise effects of diet and lifestyle. This study has the potential to address current gaps in knowledge and establish a basis for future research efforts focused on improving understanding and outcomes related to oral health in the country.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically assess the impact of diet and lifestyle on oral health in Nigeria. Specifically, this study seeks find out whether there is a relationship between diet, lifestyle, assess the effect of dietary habits on oral health status and oral health outcomes in Nigeria and evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors on oral health. 

Further, this study will focus on identifying barriers to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care and it also seeks to proffer solutions to address hindrances to proper oral hygiene practices and access to dental care in Nigeria.

1.8 Limitations of the study

As with any human endeavour, the researchers faced many minor constraints during the investigation. The main limitation was the lack of extensive literature on the subject, due to the limited availability of data regarding the impact of diet and lifestyle on oral health in Nigeria. Hence, a significant allocation of time and exertion was necessary to ascertain the appropriate materials, books, or information and amass data. 

Furthermore, this study is constrained by its small sample size and narrow geographical scope, focusing solely on Nigeria. Therefore, the conclusions of this study cannot be extended to other situations, thus requiring further investigation. 

Moreover, the researcher's restrictions were mostly due to financial constraints, as they are a student without any source of income to sustain themselves. The exorbitant transportation costs at the research location, exacerbated by the prevailing inflation in Nigeria, posed a significant challenge in meeting the expenses associated with transportation.

Furthermore, the researcher faced a time constraint due to the need to do this research while still fulfilling the obligations of attending lectures and participating in other educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Oral disease: Oral diseases encompass a range of diseases and conditions that include dental caries, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth loss, oral cancer, oro-dental trauma, noma and birth defects such as cleft lip and palate.

Oral health: Oral health is the state of the mouth, teeth and orofacial structures that enables individuals to perform essential functions such as eating, breathing and speaking, and encompasses psychosocial dimensions such as self-confidence, well-being and the ability to socialize and work without pain, discomfort and embarrassment.

Oral practice: This is an activity undertaken by people in order to protect, promote, or maintain oral health and prevent dental diseases. The practices include tooth brushing and sugar consumption practice among others.